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Nazi crimes against the Polish nation claimed the lives of 2.77 million ethnic Poles,〔 and 2.7 to 2.9 million Polish Jews, according to estimates of the Polish government-affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN).〔Wojciech Materski, Tomasz Szarota (2009), . a. ''Translation:'' Current estimate is roughly 2,770,000 victims of German occupation. This was 11.3% of the 24.4 million ethnic Poles in prewar Poland. Quote: ''"Łączne straty śmiertelne ludności polskiej pod okupacją niemiecką oblicza się obecnie na ok. 2 770 000."'' b. ''Translation:'' The number of Jewish victims is estimated at 2.7–2.9 million. This was about 90 percent of the 3.3 million Jews living in prewar Poland. Quote: ''"Liczba Żydów i Polaków żydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców sięga 2,7– 2,9 mln osób."'' ''Note:'' The IPN figures do not include losses among Polish citizens of the Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups. Quote: ''"Straty ludności państwa polskiego narodowości ukraińskiej i Białorusini są trudne do wyliczenia"''. Translation: these losses are difficult to estimate accurately. The quoted figures also omit additional losses of 150,000 during the Soviet occupation: ''"pod okupacją sowiecką zginęło w latach 1939-1941, a następnie 1944-1945 co najmniej 150 tys."'' Also, the IPN figures do not include the victims of Ukrainian massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. Quote: ''"Do tych strat należy doliczyć ponad 100 tys. Polaków pomordowanych w latach 1942-1945 przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich w tym na samym Wołyniu ok. 60 tys. osób."'' Traslation: To these losses should be added 100,000 Poles murdered in the years 1942-1945 in the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, including the about 60,000 persons in Volhynia.〕 Historians outside Poland put the number of Jewish victims of the Holocaust in occupied Poland at 3.0 million.〔Dawidowicz, L. (1986), ''The War Against the Jews'', Bantam Books, p.403.〕 The dissemination of knowledge on the subject of Nazi crimes in World War II was entrusted by an Act of the Polish Parliament in 2000 to the Institute, which replaced the former Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes against the Polish Nation. The crimes were committed during the course of the 1939 invasion, as well as the subsequent occupation of Poland. The genocidal policy of the German Third Reich against the Polish nation was the epicenter of Nazi German war crimes (1939–45) and crimes against humanity. From the start of the war against Poland, Germany intended to realize the plan of territorial expansion, put forth by the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler in his book ''Mein Kampf'', demanding the acquisition of the so-called living space (''Lebensraum'') in the East for massive settlement of German colonists.〔Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, ("Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe" ), 1961, in ''Poland under Nazi Occupation'', Polonia Publishing House, Warsaw, pp. 7-33, 164-178.〕 The object of war was to fulfill this territorial policy with the use of Nazi ideology of race. On August 22, 1939, just before the invasion of Poland, Hitler gave explicit permission to his commanders to kill "without pity or mercy, all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language."〔 Genocide was to be conducted systematically against Polish people: on September 7, 1939 Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy and Jews are to be killed. On September 12, Wilhelm Keitel added the intelligentsia to the list. On March 15, 1940 Himmler stated: ''"All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex. Later, all Poles will disappear from this world. It is imperative that the great German nation considers the elimination of all Polish people as its chief task."'' At the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed his pronouncement demanding liquidation of "all leading elements in Poland". ==1939 September Campaign== The first mass deportation of Polish nationals by Nazi Germany occurred less than a year before the outbreak of war. It was the eviction of Jews holding Polish citizenship, during the Kristallnacht attack of 9–10 November 1938 carried out by the ''SA'' paramilitary forces. Approximately 30,000 Polish Jews were rounded up and sent via rail to prewar concentration camps throughout Germany, never to return. The round-up included 2,000 ethnic Poles living and working there. Also, before the attack on Poland, the Nazis prepared a detailed list identifying more than 61,000 Polish targets (mostly civilian) by name, with the help of the German minority living in the Second Polish Republic. The list was printed secretly as the called ''Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen'' (Special Prosecution Book–Poland), and composed only of names and birthdates. It included politicians, scholars, actors, intelligentsia, doctors, lawyers, nobility, priests, officers and numerous others – as the means at the disposal of the ''SS'' paramilitary death squads aided by ''Selbstschutz'' executioners. The first ''Einsatzgruppen'' of World War II were formed by the ''SS'' in the course of the invasion. They were deployed behind the front lines to execute groups of people considered, by virtue of their social status, to be capable of abetting resistance efforts against the Germans.〔( Holocaust Timeline. ) The History Place.〕〔David Crowe, ''( Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List )'' Basic Books, 2007, page 71.〕 The most widely used lie justifying indiscriminate killings by the mobile ''action squads'' was (always the same) made-up claim of purported attack on German forces. In total, about 150,000 to 200,000 Poles lost their lives during the one-month September Campaign of 1939, characterized by the indiscriminate and often deliberate targeting of civilian population by the invading forces. Over 100,000 Poles died in the Luftwaffe's terror bombing operations, like those at Wieluń. Massive air raids were conducted on towns which had no military infrastructure.〔Bruno Coppieters, N. Fotion, eds. (2002) ''Moral constraints on war: principles and cases'', Lexington Books, (p 74. )〕 The town of Frampol, near Lublin, was heavily bombed on 13 September as a test subject for Luftwaffe bombing technique; chosen because of its grid street plan and an easily recognisable central town-hall. Frampol was hit by 70 tonnes of munitions, which destroyed up to 90% of buildings and killed half of its inhabitants.〔Davies, N (2009) Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory, Pan Macmillan, P297〕 Columns of fleeing refugees were systematically attacked by the German fighter and dive-bomber aircraft. Amongst the Polish cities and towns bombed at the beginning of war were: Brodnica, Bydgoszcz, Chełm, Ciechanów, Częstochowa,〔 Grodno, Grudziądz, Gdynia, Janów, Jasło, Katowice, Kielce, Kowel, Kraków,〔 Kutno, Lublin, Lwów, Olkusz, Piotrków, Płock, Płońsk, Poznań,〔 Puck, Radom, Radomsko, Sulejów, Warsaw,〔Norman Davies, (1986) ''God's Playground'' Volume II, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-821944-X. Page 437.〕 Wieluń, Wilno, and Zamość. Over 156 towns and villages were attacked by the ''Luftwaffe''. Warsaw suffered particularly severely with a combination of aerial bombardment and artillery fire reducing large parts of the historic centre to rubble,〔O.Halecki ''A History of Poland'' Routledge & Kegan, 1983 ISBN 0-7102-0050-1 Page 310〕 with more than 60,000 casualties. The Soviet Union assisted the Germans by allowing them to use a radio beacon from Minsk to guide their planes.〔Tomasz Piesakowski (1990), ''The Fate of Poles in the USSR 1939~1989'' by Gryf Publications, ISBN 0-901342-24-6. Page 26.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nazi crimes against the Polish nation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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